20806206 General Anatomy and Physiology
Course Information
Description
Features lectures and laboratory dealing with the human body as an integrated structural and functional unit, including the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, nervous, endocrine, muscular and skeletal systems, in addition to cell structure and physiology. Includes dissection of fresh and preserved material as well as examination of a human cadaver. Introductory college-level biology course recommended. This course is not acceptable in programs requiring two semesters of Anatomy and Physiology.
Total Credits
4
Course Competencies
  1. Summarize the organization of the human body
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    Examines, in order of complexity, the basic levels of organization that characterize living things; to include sub-atomic, atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
    Summarizes, in order of complexity, the basic levels of organization that characterize living things; to include sub-atomic, atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
    Arranges, in order of complexity, the basic levels of organization that characterize living things; to include sub-atomic, atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

  2. Apply descriptive, anatomical, and directional terminology
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
    summarize proper anatomical position.
    differentiate between the major planes of the body or of an organ.
    describes the axial and appendicular regions of the body.
    is able to apply directional terms used in the study of anatomy and physiology to the arrangement and location of body structures.
    identifies examples of regional terms such as axillary, brachial, orbital, femoral, inguinal, nasal, oral, etc.

  3. Examine the basic concept of homeostasis and body homeostatic mechanisms as they apply to body systems
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    defines "homeostasis".
    identifies the essential components of a feedback system or loop.
    examines the two major body systems responsible for feedback control mechanisms.
    explains the concept of negative feedback systems and their effects on maintaining or disrupting homeostasis.
    explains the concept of positive feedback systems and their effects on maintaining or disrupting homeostasis.

  4. Differentiate between matter and energy
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    defines "matter".
    can distinguish between physical and chemical changes in matter.
    summarizes the major energy forms and how they are used in the body.

  5. Summarize the structure and function of the major chemical components of living things
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    defines the term "element".
    lists the four naturally occurring elements most abundant in living organisms.
    summarizes several other naturally occurring elements found in the body.
    defines the term "atom".
    examines the structure of an atom.
    describes the importance of chemical stability based on valence shell electrons.
    define the term "isotopes"

  6. Investigate how common chemical reactions in the body involve the interaction of electrons to make and break chemical bonds
    Assessment Strategies
    1. through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    can name the two main types of chemical bonds that join atoms into molecules/ compounds
    describes how covalent bonds form.
    describes how ionic bonds form.
    defines the term "polar" as it relates to covalent molecules.
    explains how the molecular structure of water molecules causes them to be polar.
    explains how hydrogen bonds form.
    examines examples of situations or processes dependant on hydrogen bonding.
    explains why the polar nature of water molecules makes water a good solvent.
    explains why the polar nature of water molecules causes water to have a high specific heat.

  7. Distinguish between inorganic and organic compounds and their uses in the body
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    summarizes the broad categories of organic molecules that are especially important to the human body.
    describes the subunits that the molecules in each category are synthesized from or digested into.
    recognizes the chemical composition of a monosaccharide.
    lists the monosaccharides especially important to the human body.
    summarizes the term disaccharide and list specific examples.
    defines the term "polysaccharide" and a list of specific examples.
    examines the uses of carbohydrates in the body.
    recognizes the chemical composition of a fatty acid.
    contrasts the charge characteristics of a neutral lipid with a phospholipid.
    describes how the body uses the major classes of lipid
    defines the term "acid"and describes the characteristics of acids.
    defines the term "base"and describes the characteristics of bases.
    defines the term "salt" and give an example of a salt.
    describes the range of the pH scale.
    examines how pH values relate to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
    examines how pH values relate to the acid/base level of a solution.
    can state the normal pH range for arterial blood.
    recognizes the structural formula for an amino acid.
    examines how the shape and bonding characteristics of amino acids help determine the function of the resulting protein.
    defines the term "enzyme".
    explains the terms "catalyst", "coenzyme"/"cofactor" and "active site" as they relate to enzyme activity.
    explains how enzymes function.
    summarizes the uses of proteins in the body, other than as enzymes.
    can provide examples of the major nucleic acids of importance in the body.
    describes the chemical structure of DNA with its major functions in the body.
    describes the chemical structure of RNA with its major functions in the body.

  8. Characterize the basic functions of the cell
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    summarizes the structure of a cell.
    identifies the major regions of the cell (nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane).
    lists the structures found in the nucleus.
    examines the structure of each of the various organelles typical of living human cells.
    describes the function of each of the various organelles typical of living human cells.

  9. Evaluate the anatomy of the cell membrane as it relates to overall function
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    examines the structure of a living membrane.
    describes the functions of the cell membrane.
    defines the terms "selective permeability" and "fluid mosaic" as they relate to membranes.
    explains how various factors can affect membrane permeability.
    examines how carrier molecules function.
    compares and contrasts active carrier-aided transport with passive carrier-aided transport.
    defines the terms "diffusion" and "concentration gradient".
    examines how substances diffuse across a membrane.
    explains why diffusion occurs.
    describes at least two specific substances that routinely cross cell membranes by diffusion.
    defines the term "osmosis".
    examines how water molecules cross a membrane by osmosis.
    explains why osmosis occurs.
    explains how osmosis can cause intracellular pressure to change with regard to solute concentrations both inside and outside the cell.
    defines the terms "solvent" and "solute", including specific examples within the human body.
    defines the terms "hypertonic", "hypotonic" and "isotonic".

  10. Summarize the processes involved in mitosis.
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    summarizes the term "mitosis".
    differentiates between interphase and actual cell division.
    examinse the chemical structure of DNA.
    examines the process of replication.
    analyzes the major stages of cell division, including changes occurring in DNA and other cellular structures.
    specifies whether the chromatin state or the chromosome state of DNA is most advantageous to cells that are dividing and explain why.

  11. Investigate the steps involved in protein synthesis.
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    examines the chemical structure of RNA.
    contrasts the structural differences between DNA and RNA.
    describes the processes of transcription and translation.
    summarizes the basic function of the three major types of RNA.
    explains how a change in a cell's DNA can ultimately result in a change in the activity of a protein produced by that cell.

  12. Summarize how cells store and use energy.
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    describes the role of the mitochondria in cellular respiration.
    summarizes the basic accomplishments of cellular respiration.
    examines the major processes in the body that utilize ATP.

  13. Analyze the gross and microscopic anatomical features of the four major tissue categories in the body
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    defines the term "tissue".
    summarizes the four major categories of tissues and their primary subcategories.
    describes the structural features which are the basis for naming epithelia.
    examines the structural differences between the three subcategories of muscle tissue.
    explains how matrix creates dramatically different types of connective tissue.
    identifies examples of the different types of tissues on the basis of their microscopic anatomy.

  14. Relate the structure and functions of tissues to the organs where they are found
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    explains how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally.
    describes the uses of the different specific types of epithelia with an example of where each could be found in the body.
    describes the uses of several different specific types of connective tissue with an example of where each can be found in the body.
    examines where each type of muscle tissue can be found in the body.

  15. Analyze the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the integumentary system
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    lists the two major layers of the skin.
    describes the primary tissue type(s) found in each of the two major layers of the skin.
    states the most common subcutaneous tissue.
    examines the layers of the epidermis and how they differ in structure.
    diagrams the following skin structures: epidermis, dermis, hair and hair follicle, sebaceous gland, sweat gland.

  16. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the integumentary system to their functions.
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    describes the basic functions of the skin.
    explains the specific functions of the stratum basale & stratum corneum.
    summarizes the overall purpose in protection of the tanning reaction.
    describes the distribution and function of the epidermal derivatives such as sebaceous glands, sweat glands and / or hair.
    compares and contrasts first, second, and third degree burns.
    is able to discuss the most life threatening problems associated with severely damaged skin, such as that found in critical burn victims.
    summarizes the characteristics of the common forms of skin cancer.

  17. Classify the major types of membranes according to function and location in the body
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    describes the overall functions of cutaneous membranes and their general location.
    explains the functions of mucous membranes serous memebranes and synovial membranes with an example of where each type of membrane would be found in the body.
    compares the structure (tissue types) of the major membranes.

  18. Identify the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the bones of an human skeleton in both the articulated and disarticulated forms.
    explains the location and functions of various landmarks on individual bones.
    uses the landmarks on individual bones to demonstrate the proper anatomical position of those bones in the body.
    identifies the differences in structure and function of the different types of vertebrae.

  19. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the skeletal system to their functions
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    describes the basic functions of the skeletal system
    examines the anatomy of a typical growing long bone.
    can discuss the functions of the anatomical structures found in a growing long bone.
    describes endochondral ossification, including the formation and function of the epiphyseal plate.
    explains how long bones continue to grow in width and length during childhood and adolescence.
    explains the role of salts and organic matrix in making the bone both hard and flexible.
    summarizes examples of hormones that influence bone formation and growth.
    examines examples of different types of bone fractures.
    contrasts an open fracture with a closed fracture.
    explains the stages of bone repair.

  20. Analyze the major types of joints found in the body based on structure and function
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    describes the structure of fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints with an example of each.
    diagrams the structure of a typical synovial joint, including labels for the component parts.
    explains the functions of the synovial joint structures.
    defines the terms "diarthrotic", "synarthrotic" and "amphiarthrotic" as they apply to the functional classification of joints.
    defines the term "bursa".
    examines the tendons, and ligaments and cartilage associated with knee joint anatomy.

  21. Analyze the gross and microscopic anatomy of the three types of muscle in the body
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    examines similarities & differences in the microscopic anatomy of the three types of muscle tissue.
    indicates where each type of muscle tissue can be found in the body.
    examines in detail the anatomy of a non-contracting skeletal muscle cell.
    examines a sarcomere unit at various magnifications to identify its microscopic anatomy.
    identifies the major skeletal muscles of the human body.
    demonstrates the origins and insertions of selected major skeletal muscles by using a human skeleton or other models

  22. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the muscular system to their functions.
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    lists the functions of the muscular system.
    defines the term "motor unit".
    contrasts the three basic types of muscle tissue with respect to their structural and functional characteristics.
    contrasts the three basic types of muscle tissue with respect to their innervation.
    describes how an action potential is initiated in a muscle cell.
    describes in an orderly fashion the process by which a relaxed skeletal muscle cell contracts.
    examines how both the striation pattern and the filament arrangement of a sarcomere unit change as that sarcomere unit contracts.
    demonstrates the actions of selected major skeletal muscles of the human body.

  23. Integrate the homeostatic relationship that exists between the muscular system and the skeletal system
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    examines the muscles and bones that cooperatively control movement of selected joints of the body.
    explains the common movements of selected joints by incorporating muscle actions with the location of attachment sites to bone landmarks.
    explains how regularity and intensity of exercise can affect bone density.

  24. Summarize the organization of the nervous system
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    explains the basic functions of the nervous system.
    categorizes the anatomical and physiological subdivisions of the nervous system, including CNS, PNS, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
    explains the functions of each of the anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system.
    explains the functions of each of the physiological subdivisions of the nervous system.

  25. Explore the structure and function of nervous tissue
    Assessment Strategies
    1. through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    contrasts neurons and neuroglial cells.
    describes the functions of different types of neuroglial cells.
    examines a typical multipolar neuron.
    explains the functional roles of the nerve cell body, processes, and myelin sheath.
    explains what is meant by the term neurolemma.
    contrasts the anatomy of a neuron versus a nerve.
    defines the terms "polarization", "membrane potential" and "resting potential" as they relates to a neuron.
    contrasts an excitatory stimulus, an action potential, and a nerve impulse.
    examines the chemical changes that occur during each phase of the action potential.
    explains propagation of a nerve impulse.
    explains the process of synaptic transmission.
    states the two broad categories of neurotransmitters.
    identifies the specific neurotransmitter(s) released at a neuromuscular junction for skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.

  26. Integrate the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the regions of the brain, using models and dissected specimens.
    examines the cerebral hemispheres.
    describes the major functions of the regions of a human brain.
    contrasts gray matter with white matter.
    examines a cross-sectional view of the spinal cord
    explains the structure and functions of the various meninges.
    explains the formation and functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
    explains the flow pattern of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain and spinal cord.
    describes the blood-brain barrier.
    lists the various components of a typical three-neuron reflex arc.
    explains the physiology of the three-neuron reflex arc when responding to a reflex stimulus.
    explains how a three-neuron reflex arc can be anatomically modified to create a nerve circuit that involves the brain
    compares and contrasts sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve pathways.
    contrasts cranial nerves with spinal nerves.
    contrast the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on selected body systems such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system.

  27. Relate the anatomical structures of the eye to their functions.
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the major and accessory eye structures on a model or diagram.
    indicates the major function of each of the three tunics of the eye.
    defines refraction, accommodation, blind spot, and fovea centralis.
    relates the eye structures that are involved in refraction of light to the process of image formation on the retina.
    contrasts rods and cones.
    describes examples of vision problems (such as astigmatism) and the cause for each.

  28. Summarize the anatomical components of the ear
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the structures of the external, middle, and inner ear.
    describes the roles of the different parts of the ear in the process of hearing.
    contrasts sensory hearing loss with conductive hearing loss.
    explains the functions of the vestibule and the semicircular canals with respect to balance and equilibrium.

  29. Summarize the functions of the major endocrine organs in the body
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    describes the functions of the endocrine system.
    defines the terms "endocrine gland" and "hormone".
    identifies the major endocrine glands and tissues on a model or appropriate diagram.
    provides examples of hormones produced by the major endocrine glands.
    explains the general functions of the hormones produced by the major endocrine organs of the body.
    explains how various endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormonal products.

  30. Relate examples of communication between endocrine organs and the nervous system to the homeostatic balance that exists in the body
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    defines negative feedback.
    summarizes negative feedback's role in regulating blood levels of the various hormones.
    contrasts message transmission via the endocrine system with message transmission via the nervous system with respect to form, pathway followed, speed and duration of effect.
    explains the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
    lists examples of hormones produced by the pituitary, their respective target organs and examples of their effects.
    lists examples of hormones producted by the hypothalamus, their respective target organs and effects.
    explains the hormonal relationship that exists between insulin and glucagon to maintain proper levels of sugar in the blood.
    explains the hormones involved in bone homeostasis.
    describes the stress response.

  31. Analyze the composition and functions of blood
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    describes the composition of the fluid matrix of the blood.
    describes the formed elements of the blood.
    explains erythrocytes and leucocytes in terms of anatomy, relative number, formation site, life span, and functions.
    lists the two broad categories of leucocytes.
    describes the major functions of each type of leucocyte.
    explains platelets in terms of anatomy, relative number, formation site, and functions.

  32. Explain the processes of blood hemostasis, blood groups and transfusions, and blood typing
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    studies the blood-clotting process.
    describes the different antigens found in common blood types.
    describes the different antibodies characteristic of common blood types.
    explains why you would or would not expect a transfusion reaction for the different possible combinations of ABO blood type donors and recipients.
    explains the steps involved in hemostasis.
    defines the terms coagulation and agglutination, stressing the difference between these two processes.

  33. Investigate the structure and function of the human heart
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the major gross anatomical components of the human heart on models.
    identifies the major gross anatomical components of the human heart on dissected specimens.
    describes the flow pattern of blood through the heart.
    compares the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
    relates the flow pattern of blood through the heart to the systemic and pulmonary circuits.
    defines the terms "systole", "diastole", "stroke volume" and "cardiac cycle".
    lists the elements of impulses through the intrinsic conduction system of the heart.
    explains the pathway of impulses through the intrinsic conduction system of the heart.
    examines in proper order the sequence of events in a single heartbeat cycle.
    describes the location and function of the four heart valves.
    relates valve opening and closing to systole and diastole.
    relates valve opening and closing to the normal heart sounds.
    explains how sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation control heart rate and contraction strength.
    examines how various sensory input may affect heart rate.

  34. Summarize the similarities and differences between arteries, veins and capillaries
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    lists the name of each of the major types of blood vessels.
    describes the role of each of the major types of blood vessels.
    investigates the similarities and differences in anatomy between the three major types of blood vessels.
    identifies selected major arteries and veins of the body.
    explains the meaning of someone's blood pressure reading.
    defines the term "pulse" and identify several pulse points.
    discusses factors affecting and / or determining blood pressure.
    examines examples of cardiovascular disease and their health consequences.
    explains the unique features of selected "special" circulations of the body such as hepatic portal circulation.
    describes the exchanges that occur across capillary walls.

  35. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the lymphatic system to their functions
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    describes the major functions of the lymphatic system.
    lists the two major types of structures composing the lymphatic system.
    explains the structure of lymphatic vessels' arrangement in the body.
    relates the structure of a lymph node to its functional role.

  36. Investigate the various specific and non-specific disease defense mechanisms in the human body
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    summarizes the different categories of nonspecific disease resistance.
    describes specific examples of mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membrane).
    explains the importance of phagocytes and natural killer cells in non-specific disease defense.
    discusses the inflammatory process.
    provides specific examples of internal antimicrobial substances.
    discribes how these examples of internal antimicrobial substances work in non-specific defense.
    explains how fever helps the body against invading organisms.
    defines the terms "antigen","antibody" and "immunity".
    lists the two broad categories of lymphocytes that respond to antigens to produce immunities.
    distinguishs between active and passive immunity.
    distinguishs between natural and artificial immunity.
    describes the basic steps in an immune response.
    relates each of the two "arms" of the immune response to the specific lymphocyte involved.
    compares and contrasts the development of B and T cells.
    examines the roles of B cells and T cells in the immune response.
    explains the importance of macrophages in immunity.
    examines several ways in which antibodies act against antigens.
    describes selected examples of problems related to the immune system, such as allergies, immunodeficiences, etc.

  37. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the respiratory system to their functions
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the major gross anatomical components of the respiratory system on models and dissected specimens.
    relates the various structural modifications of the nasal cavity to the functions of the nasal cavity.
    describes the functions of the epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, vocal folds (cords).
    lists in correct sequence the anatomical branches of th respiratory tree.
    describes anatomical changes that occur in the respiratory tree from the trachea to the alveoli.
    relates alveolar anatomy to the functional roles of an alveolus.
    describes the role of surfactant with its significance to respiratory function.
    describes the structure and function of the lungs and pleural membranes.

  38. Investigate the various physiological processes involved in external and internal respiration
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    lists the major processes of respiration.
    relates the capture and ultimate use of molecular oxygen to each of the major processes of respiration.
    relates the production and ultimate excretion of molecular carbon dioxide to each of the major processes of respiration.
    defines the terms "external respiration", "internal respiration" and "pulmonary ventilation" and "cellar respiration".
    explains how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to successful pulmonary ventilation.
    explains the gas law that is of primary relevance to pulmonary ventilation (Boyle's Law).
    explains the processes of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange.
    discusses various ways that carbon dioxide can become a chemical component of the blood for transport purposes.
    discusses various ways that oxygen can become a chemical component of the blood for transport purposes.
    describes the brain areas involved in the control of respiration.
    discusses several physical factors that influence respiratory rate.
    explains why it is not possible to stop breathing voluntarily.
    defines the terms "apnea", "dyspnea", "hyperventilation", "hypoventilation", and "COPD".

  39. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the digestive system to their functions
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs on appropriate models and dissected specimens.
    relates the different digestive processes to the portion(s) of the GI tract where the process happens.
    describes or diagrams the anatomy of a human tooth.
    describes the two sets of human dentition.
    explains the process of swallowing.
    discusses the secretion site of the various enzymatic and non-enzymatic components that play a role in chemical digestion.
    describes how pH and temperature can affect enzyme activity.
    describes the chemical components and roles of saliva, gastric juice, bile and pancreatic juice.
    examines the role(s) of intestinal cell enzymes in chemical digestion.
    explains how the small intestine is adapted for the process of nutrient absorption.
    describes the role(s) of the colon in chemical digestion and absorption.
    lists the end products of protein, fat and carbohydrate digestion.

  40. Relate the nutrients consumed by the body to the basic concepts of nutrition and metabolism
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    summarizes the major nutrient categories.
    defines the terms "enzyme", "metabolism", "anabolism', and "catabolism".
    recognizes the sources of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with their uses in cellular metabolism.
    contrasts the three major substages of cellular respiration with respect to location and ATP formation and use.
    contrasts aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
    examines the various roles of the liver in blood clotting, detoxification, and storage.

  41. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the urinary system to their functions
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the major gross anatomical components of the urinary system on models and dissected specimens.
    identifies the following regions of the kidney on a diagram or model: hilus, cortex, medulla, medullary pyramids, pelvis.
    defines the term "nephron".
    diagrams the microscopic anatomy of a nephron unit.
    relates the processes of urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion) to the general areas of the nephron that are responsible for each.
    examines the function of the kidneys in excretion of nitrogen-containing waste.
    explains the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the regulation of water balance by the kidney.
    explains the role of aldosterone in sodium and potassium balance of the blood.
    defines selected terms related to kidney functions such as polyuria, anuria, oliguria, and diuresis.
    describes the composition of normal urine.
    examines how the urinary bladder is structured to allow for both urine storage and urine elimination.
    describes the general structure and function of the ureters, urethra, external and internal sphincters.

  42. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the male reproductive system to their functions
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the major gross anatomical components of the male reproductive system on models and dissected specimens.
    defines the term "gonad" and "gamete" as they relate to the make system.
    describes the endocrine and exocrine products of the testes.
    explains the composition of semen, including the names of the glands that produce it.
    describes the pathway followed by a sperm from the testis to the body exterior.
    relates the structure of a sperm cell to its function.
    describes the effects of FSH and LH on testis functioning.
    discusses the male sex hormone including where it is produced and its major target organs and effects.

  43. Relate the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the female reproductive system to their functions
    Assessment Strategies
    1.  through assignments as determined by instructor
    2.  by completion of pertinent laboratory activities
    3.  in the evaluation of related lecture exam questions
    4.  in the evaluation of related laboratory practical exam questions
    Criteria
    identifies the major gross anatomical components of the female reproductive system on models and dissected specimens.
    defines the term "gonad" and "gamete" as they relate to the female system.
    describes the process that produces the gametes.
    contrasts the process of gamete production in the male and female.
    relates the structure of an ovum cell to its function.
    discusses the female sex hormones, including their production site, major target organs, and effects.
    discribes the influence of FSH and LH on ovarian function.
    relates the changes that take place in the ovaries and uterus during the various stages of the menstrual cycle to the changing blood hormone levels.
    explains the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy that interrupt the normal menstrual cycle and allow the pregnancy to proceed.
    explains how oral contraceptives act to interfere with with the normal menstrual cycle.