Animal Anatomy and Physiology 1 | Madison College Outline of Instruction

10091140 Animal Anatomy and Physiology 1

Course Information

Description

This course is a traditional systemic approach to anatomy and physiology, emphasizing terminology, identification, organization, location, and function of anatomical structures. Laboratory sessions are primarily concerned with gross comparative anatomy of common species with which veterinary technicians may work. Laboratory sessions are primarily concerned with gross comparative anatomy of common species with which veterinary technicians may work, including cats, dogs, ruminants, horses, and swine. The primary species used for reference are the domestic dog and cat, but other animal species are referred to for comparative purposes.

Total Credits

Course Competencies (Course Outcomes)

Use a common veterinary medical language

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you distinguish between axial and appendicular skeleton

you use selected anatomical terms

you explain the principle of Homeostasis including the mechanisms the body uses to maintain homeostasis

you summarize levels of organization found within the body

you contrast the planes of reference

you distinguish between anatomical directional terms to locate body parts (medial vs lateral, cranial vs caudal, anterior vs posterior, palmar vs plantar, dorsal vs. ventral, proximal vs distal, deep vs superficial)

you explore the movements of a joint using the terms flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation
Explore cell biology concepts

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you explore the characteristics of a living cell

you distinguish between hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic solutions and their effects on a cell

you explore the function of and formation of ATP

you explore organelles within a cell

you explain the functions of a cell

you apply knowledge of cell structure and function to higher level physiology

you explain the organization of a cell

you compare and contrast cell differentiation and functions

you explain how the structure of a cell membrane is related to its function

you summarize the structure and function of cytoplasmic organelles including cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth), lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and ribosomes
Examine how cells are organized into higher functional units

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you examine tissue types

you examine the types of epithelium identifying the organ in which each is found.

you explain the general characteristics and functions of nerve tissue

you distinguish between the three types of muscle tissue with regards to structure, function, and location within the body

you examine the general characteristics of connective tissue including the major functions and locations of each type of connective tissue

you apply knowledge of the tissues to the normal organization of the body

you explore healing of various tissue types based on your knowledge of their structure and function
Explore the function of the integument and its accessory glands and structures

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you examine types of membrane including where each type is found within the body

you explore the layers, growth, and functions of the cutaneous membrane

you examine the function and location of a serous membrane

you examine the function and location of a synovial membrane

you examine the function and location of a mucous membrane

you explore a hair follicle including hair growth

you summarize wound healing

you examine the function and location of a sebaceous gland including sebaceous cysts

you examine a mammary gland

you distinguish between nails and hoofs
Examine the anatomy and physiology of "bone" a living organ

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you summarize the functions of bone

you identify bones upon radiograph

you identify bones based upon palpation of live animals

you examine types of tissue bone including effects on its physiology

you classify bones

you use terms related to bone as you locate each (epiphysis; diaphysis; periosteum; compact {cortical} bone; spongy {cancellous} bone; epiphyseal disk; red marrow; yellow marrow; osteocyte; osteoblast; osteoclast)

you name and locate all the bones in the body

you distinguish the bones of various species

you examine methods of bone formation

you explain bone repair

you examine fracture types including length of healing for different fractures

you summarize factors that affect bone growth and development

you explain simple bone pathology, Ca deficiency, fractures, dysplasia, osteosarcoma

you examine the chemical make-up of bone and pathologic states (i.e., milk fever, eclampsia, Ca deficiency in the diet)
Examine how bones come together within the skeletal system

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you examine the movements of joints

you classify synovial joints providing examples of each

you examine the motion possible for each synovial joint in the body

you examine the function and location of synovial joints including the joint capsule, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, menisci, bursa and synovial sheath

you explore the structural classification of joints

you summarize pathological states of joints including OCD, hip dysplasia, arthritis, cruciate ligament tear, artificial hip replacement, injections into joint spaces

you explore laparoscopic surgery

you identify all joints on a radiograph

you use anatomically correct terms for all joints of the body of various species

you identify all joints relative to each other using anatomical directional terms

you recognize all joints identifying them upon palpation of a live animal
Distinguish between muscle at different levels in the body

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you examine the muscle contraction at the cellular level

you examine the function and location of three types of muscle

you examine the function of the "motor end plate"

you explore the functions of muscle relating each to homeostasis

you explain the relationship of terms "origin," "insertion," and "belly" to muscle

you explore the pathologic states of muscle (botulism, cramps, tetanus, rigor mortis)

you explain the cellular components of muscle

you explain the organizational arrangement of muscle

you explain actin, myosin, myofibril

you identify the muscles of the extrinsic forelimb on dissection and live animal

you identify the intrinsic muscles of the forelimb on dissection and in the live animal

you examine the origin, insertion and function of each of the above muscles

you summarize the function of antagonistic muscle pairs giving examples of them

you identify the muscles of the antebrachium by function on dissection and live animals

you the muscles of the pelvic limb as designated by the laboratory objectives on dissection and live animal
Relate the importance of the circulatory system to homeostasis

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you explore the four chambers of a mammalian heart

you examine the flow of blood through the heart including the vessels, valves and chambers through which it passes

you explain how the atrioventricular, aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves prevent blood from flowing backward

you summarize how the coronary arteries fill and how blood is circulated through the coronary system

you explore an MI or heart attack

you examine a coronary bypass

you explain the events of the cardiac cycle relating these to the EKG and auscultation

you distinguish between a heart murmur and an arrhythmia

you distinguish between veins, arteries and lymphatics

you explain the anatomical cardiovascular structures in species

you locate the cardiac structures upon dissection

you summarize pathologies including heartworm, CHF, MI, High Mountain Disease, right-sided vs. left-sided heart failure

you identify various WBC and RBC listing their functions possible elevation of numbers

you explore the modification necessary for fetal circulation

you summarize the characteristics of the formed elements in blood and the fluid portion of blood

you explore the clotting mechanisms and certain pathologies, thrombocytopenia, Vit. K relationship, hemophilia, erythrolytic syndrome in horses

you explain the process that influences lymphatic fluid formation, define chylothorax

you explain the processes that regulate the flow of blood
Explore the function of the respiratory system and its role in homeostasis

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you identify designated thoracic structures in a dissected animal

you examine the membranes of the thoracic cavity

you explore the function of the thymus

you summarize the functions of the respiratory system and how they affect homeostasis

you identify the major airways

you differentiate between the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration

you summarize the respiratory normals for the species used at MATC

you explain the factors that affect respiratory rate

you differentiate between tidal volumes, vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume, total lung capacity

you explore gas exchange at the alveoli level

you explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported via the circulatory system

you differentiate between pathologic states, apnea, pneumonia, obstruction, CO poisoning
Explore the functions of the digestive system and how they relate to homeostasis

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you identify all designated structures listed on lab performance objectives

you differentiate between simple stomach and compound stomach

you differentiate between foregut fermentor and hindgut fermentor

you differentiate between ruminant and nonruminant

you differentiate between herbivore, carnivore and omnivore

you compare and contrast the species differences in digestion

you recognize the organs of the digestive tract on a radiograph

you compare and contrast the process of digestion and absorption for different species

you explore the position and function of the major salivary glands

you compare and contrast the function of saliva in different species

you explain the function of HC1 and digestive enzymes including where each is made

you differentiate between the major functions of the pancreas, liver, lacteals

you differentiate between the common pathologies of the digestive system, vomiting, regurgitation, diarrhea, malabsorption vs. maldigestion, colic, GDV

you examine the dental lab and teeth learning plan

you differentiate between the normal and spatial arrangement of the digestive organs including the relationship to each other in the abdominal cavity
Investigate how dental health is important in all aspects of animal husbandry

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you examine the dental formula for the adult dog, cat, horse

you investigate what is looked at when aging an animal by its teeth (horse, dog, cat, sheep)

you differentiate between incisor, canine, premolar, molar teeth

you differentiate between the following surfaces of a tooth: lingual, buccal=vestibular, occlusal=masticatory, contact (rostral vs. caudal)

you use the following terms appropriately: enamel, cementum, dentin, pulp, crown, neck, root, gingiva, alveoli, periodontal membrane

you summarize the following pathologies: overshot jaw=prognathia malocclusion, undershot jaw=brachygnathia periodontal disease, periodontal disease, relationship of periodontal disease with heart murmurs
Explore the normal physiology of the urinary system and how it relates to homeostasis

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you identify all designated structures in lab

you recognize the organs of the urinary system on radiograph

you differentiate the urinary system in specified species

you name the organs involved in the urinary system and give the function of each

you trace the flow of blood and urine through the kidney

you describe how the kidney functions to remove metabolic waste, control the rate of RBC formation, regulate blood pressure

you explore the process of glomerular filtration

you investigate the process of tubular secretion and reabsorption

you compare the composition of glomerular filtrate and blood plasma

you use the following terms: anuria, diuresis, hematuria, polyuria, glucosuria, dysuria, oliguria

you examine common pathologies of the urinary system: FUS, cystitis, hydronephrosis, CRF, FLUTD, calculi, ARF

you explore the nephron
Examine how the nervous system functions and integrates information to maintain homeostasis

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you differentiate the function and location of the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, the spinal cord, and the brain

you explore a neuron and its parts

you explain impulse transmission at a cellular and hormonal level

you differentiate between a synapse and neurotransmitters

you differentiate between preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

you differentiate between myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers

you examine the designated parts of the brain (see lab objectives) through dissection

you examine the spinal cord, the dorsal vs. ventral roots, central canal including how impulses are relayed through the spinal cord

you differentiate between spinal and cranial nerves

you differentiate between the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic including how the neurotransmitters used

you explore the cranial nerves

you explain the formation, constitution and function of CSF

you explore common pathology of the nervous system including rate of nerve healing, herniated brain stem, and cerebellar hypoplasis
Explore how the endocrine system is a direct outcome of its varied functions to maintain homeostasis

Assessment Strategies

on a written exam

by completing lab assignments

Criteria

you explore the location, function and regulation of the hypothalamus

you explore the location, function and regulation of the thyroid

you explore the location, function and regulation of the thymus

you explore the location, function and regulation of the ovary

you explore the location, function and regulation of the kidney

you explore the location, function and regulation of the pituitary

you explore the location, function and regulation of the parathyroid

you explore the location, function and regulation of the adrenals

you explore the location, function and regulation of the testicle

you explore the location, function and regulation of the liver

you explain the hormonal feedback loops involved in regulation of each of the above endocrine systems

you explore a hormone, explaining its chemical properties and how it travels through the body